was a Japanese Imperial court position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial ''Daigaku-no-kami'' predates the [[Heian period]]; and the court position continued up through the early [[Meiji period]]. The title and position were conferred in the name of the Emperor of Japan.
In the Edo period, the head of the educational and bureaucrat training system for the Tokugawa shogunate was also known by the honorific title Daigaku-no-kami, which effectively translates as "Head of the State University". The title and position were conferred in the name of the shōgun.
Imperial court hierarchy
The Imperial court position of
Daigaku-no-kami identified the chief education expert in the Imperial retinue. The
Daigaku-no-kami was head of the Imperial University, the
Daigaku-ryō. The title arose during evolution of governmental reorganizations beginning in 701. These pre-
Heian period innovations are collectively known as the .
The position and the title ultimately came about under the direction of Prince Osakabe, Fujiwara no Fuhito and Awata no Mahito at the request of Emperor Monmu. Like many other developments at the time, the title was an adaptation derived from the governmental system of China's Tang dynasty.
The somewhat inflexible hierarchical nature of the court requires that the function of the Daigaku-no-kami be understood both in terms of specific functions and in terms of those ranking above and below in the Ministry of Civil Services.
In the Asuka period, the Nara period and the Heian period, the Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a Shikibu-shō; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction".[ Ministry of Civil Administration , Sheffield.] This ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects.[Ury, Marian. (1999). "Chinese Learning and Intellectual Life", The Cambridge history of Japan: Heian Japan, p. 361.] Within this ministry structure, the highest-ranking official was the Shikibu-kyō;[Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 272.] also known as Chief minister of public instruction.
This office was typically filled by a son or close relative of the emperor. For example, in 773 ( Hōki 4), the daigaku-no-kami was Emperor Kanmu,[Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial Family, pp. 60–61.] who was named Crown Prince and heir of Emperor Kōnin.[Isaac Titsingh. (1834). ; Ponsonby-Fane, p. 317.] However, there were exceptions to this general rule if there was an especially pre-eminent contemporary scholar, such as in the case of Miyoshi Kiyotsura.
Accompanying the Daigaku-no-kami were seven judges, who directly assisted this minister.[Titsingh, pp. 427–428.]
Ranking just below these judges were educational authorities:
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Daigaku-no kami.
[Titsingh, p. 428.]
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Kiden hakase.
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Myōgyō hakase.
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Myōbō hakase.
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San hakase.
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Monjō hakase. There would have been many copyist calligraphers working under the direction of the chief calligrapher.
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Jokyō.
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Chok'kō—two positions.
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On hakase—two positions.
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Sho hakase—two positions.
Tokugawa bakufu hierarchy
In the
Edo period, this title identifies the head of the chief educational institution of the Tokugawa state. It was conferred by the
shōgun in 1691 when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate. In the years which followed, this academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants of Hayashi Hōkō who were sequential heads of the Yushima Seidō.
[Kelly, Boyd. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Vol. 1, p. 522; De Bary, William et al. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2, p. 69.] The 10 rectors of the institution who were each identified by the title
daigaku-no-kami were:
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1st rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Hōkō (1644–1732), formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu (son of Gahō).
[De Bary, William et al. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2. p. 443.]
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2nd rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Ryūkō (1681–1758).
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3rd rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Hōkoku (1721–1773).
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4th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Hōtan (1761–1787).
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5th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Kimpō (1767–1793), also known as Hayashi Kanjun or Hayashi Nobutaka
[Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia, p. 300.]
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6th rector and 8th Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Jussai (1768–1841), formerly Matsudaira Norihira, 3rd son of Iwamura Domain daimyō Matsudaira Norimori—Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kinpō/Kanjun died childless; explained shogunate foreign policy to Emperor Kōkaku in 1804.,
[Louis Cullen (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, pp. 117, 163.] also known as Hayashi Jitsusai[Asiatic Society of Japan. (1908). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, v36:1(1908), p. 151.] and Hayashi Kō.
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7th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Teiu (1791–1844).
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8th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Sōkan (1828–1853).
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9th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Fukusai (1800–1859), also known as Hayashi Akira, chief Japanese negotiator for the Treaty of Kanagawa
[Cullen, p. 178 n11.]
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10th rector (and Daigaku-no-kami): Hayashi Gakusai (1833–1906), formerly Hayashi Noboru, head of the academy in 1867.
The rector of the Yushima Seidō stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained with the personal involvement of successive shōguns. The position as rector of the Yushima Seidō became hereditary in the Hayashi family.[Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869. p. 418.] The rectors' scholarly reputation was burnished by publication in 1657 of the 7 volumes of Nihon Ōdai Ichiran[Brownlee, John S. (1999). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu, p. 218 n14; N.b., Brownlee misidentifies Nihon Ōdai Ichiran publication date as 1663 rather than 1657.] and by the publication in 1670 of the 310 volumes of Honchō-tsugan.[Brownlee, John S. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712), p. 120.]
Meiji constitutional hierarchy
In the course of the Meiji Restoration, this Imperial title was abolished; but its position within the ambit of a reorganized government structure would be developed further in the Meiji period
Daijō-kan.
See also
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Taihō Code
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Yōrō Code
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Daijō-kan
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Sugawara no Kiyotomo
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Sugawara no Michizane
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Hayashi clan
Notes
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Asai T. (1985). Nyokan Tūkai. Tokyo: Kōdansha.
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Louis Cullen (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ;
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De Bary, William, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 255020415
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Kelly, Boyd. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Vol. 1. London: Taylor & Francis.
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Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
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Yukio Ozaki. (2001). The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan. Translated. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (cloth)
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Ozaki, Yukio. (1955). Ozak Gakudō Zenshū. Tokyo: Kōronsha.
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Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
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Sansom, George. (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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_______________. (1952). Japan: A Short Cultural History. Stanford: Stanford University Press. (cloth) (paper)
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Timon Screech. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
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Isaac Titsingh. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon ( Nihon Odai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
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Ury, Marian. (1999). "Chinese Learning and Intellectual Life", The Cambridge history of Japan: Heian Japan. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (cloth)
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Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). , Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press.
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